Concern for equality among all citizens began with the advent of nation-state, democracy and the abolition of slavery in the U.S. subscribe to the credo that “all men are born equal”. The political equality se basa en el universal suffrage of women, equality before the law, the extent of minority rights, equal opportunities, freedom and exploitation.
The Second World War has highlighted the need to articulate the common humanity of all inhabitants of the earth with the hope that the world will not ever see this barbarity. In 1946, 85 countries have adopted a Charter of the United Nations continued in 1948, a Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The preamble to the Charter reaffirms faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small. “
According to Article 1 (3) of the Charter, the main objective of the United Nations is “to achieve international cooperation in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex De language or religion “. This is reflected in Article 55 (c) of the Charter to promote universal respect and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights goes beyond the concerns of the United Nations Charter in Article 2. “Everyone is entitled to all rights and freedoms set forth in the Declaration, without distinction of race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status”. In accordance with Article 23, the Declaration also calls for “equal pay for equal work”.
The word injury is used to denote a bias leads to examine without prejudice or be aware of all the facts. The words “against racial prejudice” is used to indicate a widespread attitude irrational, most often negative, all members of one race from the majority racial group in a society. These beliefs are deeply rooted and are resistant to rational argument injury leads to discrimination. Discrimination negative actions against members abroad.
Allport (1954) developed a scale of 1-5 prejudice and discrimination in ascending order of seriousness. Scale 1 is marked Antilocution where the majority group makes jokes abroad, which are considered in terms of stereotypes. Like the ubiquitous Irish jokes, which are mostly made fresh. This in itself is not considered harmful, which can lead to a more aggressive when he is out of control.
Table 2 is to prevent the majority avoids the group to group and refuses any social contact. They practice ostracism. Table 3 that discrimination and the active component of prejudice when the majority group to deny the group of opportunities and services that are considered most exclusive. The minority group is unable to achieve equality through education, employment and social advancement. They are suppressed and are not allowed to realize that these are legitimate aspirations.
Table 4 is the case of physical aggression as an example, the U.S., a group that it the Ku Klux Klan formed by the majority white at random community members lynched black negroid. Pogroms against Jews in Eastern Europe are another example of physical attack group which also was held to burn and vandalise property belonging to the tip of the group.
5 scale of this extermination, where most of the group aims to completely eliminate the minority group of the earth’s surface. Are there examples, the “final solution” of Nazi Germany in an attempt to exterminate the Jews in what would be known as the Holocaust, and “ethnic cleansing” in Bosnia and Armenia.
Although not in any way a minority group (in fact, women are numerically more than men in most developed countries), sexism case of prejudice and discrimination solely on the basis of sex. For example, can be cited May that although women are qualified than men in most developed Western societies, less than 10 percent of management positions in industry are occupied by women. This has been nicknamed the “glass ceiling” effect where, in theory, although high-level positions are available for women face a glass ceiling when dealing with the promotion ladder.
As for the theories of injury, is the most recognized F (fascism) Scale developed by Adorno and others (1950) to measure the attributes of what they called the authoritarian personality, which was published as a precursor to injury. They found that the authoritarian personality is developed by the childhood experiences of abuse by parents. Hostility toward the parents felt was deleted and then moved to minority groups and the result of acts of aggression. However, are subject to the authority figures. Although the measure (F Scale) has been validated to some extent, is also a form of individual coverage and ignoring the differences in levels of prejudice.
However, in an era of globalization, is increasingly unproductive cling to prejudices against groups and discriminate when growth of markets for industry are among the groups previously discriminated against. The term diversity is used now, therefore, insofar as the group members are indicators Woo and integrated into the camera decision-making trans-national and trans-cultural enterprises. Multiculturalism is one aspect of diversity.
In a pluralistic society, religious and cultural diversity are recognized as a source of enrichment and strength. Multiculturalism is often contrasted with the fight against racism, it is difficult for racial injustice, either individually or institutionally. Since the total assimilation is dismissed as a goal of equality, diversity and multiculturalism demand the same respect. This is illustrated by African Americans Black movement. Being black must be more than a reaction to racism. The multiculturalism and diversity in societies flourish with a unitary political objectives without fear of differences in politics and the business community.
Most developed countries have developed measures and legal sanctions to prevent discrimination in all spheres of social and political life. More importantly, they also put in place measures to increase with these policies of equal opportunity and affirmative action to redress the balance and the right of past injustices.
Giving equal opportunities aims at eliminating many of the inequalities and artificial barriers to the realization of human potential and provides the platform for maximizing human talent and resources throughout the world.
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