The equality of all citizens as political, social, economic and cultural hired us from the illustrations and still regarded as a sign of progress and modernity between nation states. Equality as the redistribution of wealth, or collective ownership of the means of producing wealth, is the credo socialist for most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Today, almost all collectivist nation states who have experienced Socialist seem to have become individualistic, market economy, or simply adopted capitalism.
The political equality is underpinned by universal adult suffrage [a man (sic) a voice], equality before the law, minority rights, equal opportunities and freedom from exploitation. Slavery was abolished in the nineteenth century and apartheid in the twentieth century, while colonialism, no doubt, is residual.
The Second World War has highlighted the need to articulate the common humanity of all inhabitants of the earth in the hope that the world would never witness such barbarism. In 1946, 85 countries have adopted a Charter of the United Nations continued in 1948, a Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In its preamble reaffirms faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small. “
According to Article 1 (3) of the Charter, the main objective of the United Nations is “to achieve international cooperation in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex De language or religion “. This is reflected in Article 55 (c) promote universal respect and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion. “Article 56 obliges all member states to commit themselves to take joint and separate action, in cooperation with the United Nations in meeting the goals outlined above.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights goes beyond the concerns of the Charter in Article 2. “Everyone is entitled to all rights and freedoms set forth in the Declaration, without distinction of race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status”. In accordance with Article 23, the Declaration also calls for “equal pay for equal work”.
Since the Declaration, more and more groups have sought protection under the
framework of equal rights and equal opportunities. Today most developed countries
have laws that protect individuals or groups against discrimination
sex, ethnicity, race, physical appearance, religion, disability, age, occupation,
social class, marital status or sexual orientation.
Social ethnicity and race is reflected in a shared culture, often
language and religion, mythology and common ancestry. Often past
historic conquest leads to hierarchical social and cultural institutions resulting
widespread patterns of inequality. As part of measures against intergroup conflicts, most
advanced democratic countries have adopted the principles of equality, pluralism and
multiculturalism.
Multiculturalism aspires to the goal of respecting cultural and religious
beliefs of persons belonging to minority groups to tolerate beliefs and practices
marry, and avoid putting them in a position where they must May
behaviour contrary to their values deeply rooted.
In a pluralistic society, religious and cultural diversity is recognized as a
source of enrichment and strength. Multiculturalism is often contrasted with the fight against –
Racism, which is difficult racial injustice, whether a
individual or institutional. Since the total assimilation is dismissed as an objective
equality, diversity and multiculturalism demand the same respect as evidenced by the U.S.
Black Afro-American movement. Being black must be more than a
reaction to racism. Multiculturalism flourishes in societies with political goals unitary
not afraid of diversity in the private sector and the business community.
In Eastern Europe, with the fall of communism, nationalism and insularity
ethnic domination has created the ugly phenomenon of “ethnic cleansing”, often
perpetrated by the state apparatus itself. If the rights of ethnic minorities
live next to the plural majority community in these states may remain
always protected by collective action by the international community, is open
the question.
One answer may lie in the phenomenon known as globalization. Like
information revolution has become the catalyst for the fall of communism,
Globalization must create the conditions that make it untenable racism. Aspects
of globalization can be seen on the World Wide Web, and more concern and AIDS
greenhouse effect, multinational corporations and the financial market online. A
interconnected and interdependent world is creating new transnational organizations
(eg, Greenpeace) and a global market for manufactured goods and services.
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development reported a rapid increase
in the world of transnational corporations that currently more than 37000. They directly
employing 75 million people, a figure equivalent to about 20 percent of all jobs in
industrialized countries. The total number of workers who depend indirectly transnational corporations is
about 40 percent of all jobs in those countries. More recently, these estimates
figures much higher. (See confluence Vol. 6 No. 1 January / February 2007 p.3).
The neo-colonialism in the form of economic domination of the Least Developed Countries
nations, which replaced the political hegemony, dropped to second place in the
new global economy. In this context, the current form and recent developments in Iraq and
Afghanistan can be interpreted by future historians and economists are still thorny
questions.
A new breed of cosmopolitan appeared in many cities and capitals
the world and their numbers are rising. Where are those who
access to knowledge and skills and the ability to benefit from the opportunities
develop their potential has become the new elite of the world. These people Cruz
national, ethnic and cultural isolation that prevented in
borders in the past. Cosmopolites are the future citizens of the world. But this is
No comfort for the millions still trapped in parochial, ethnic and religious
enclaves in the world.
Of the 183 autonomous states that exist at present, fewer than 20 are ethnically homogeneous in the sense that minorities represent less than 5 percent of the population. It is estimated that the collapse of empires, ethnic conflict is inevitable.
Groups that have been yoke together by geography and ideology are forced
supposed to explode when the lid is removed. It is likely that when the supreme
(Empire) disappears from the scene, small groups perceive the need for
which includes the same defense. Securing the borders then offensive intensifies
acts to anticipate attacks on the “other”. This seems to be what is today
occurs in some states formed by the disintegration of the former Soviet Union. The
dissolution of the authoritarian central government results in which multiethnic coalitions
the balance of forces is so unstable that even with multiple layers and identities
developed over the centuries, identifiable ethnic groups become polarized.
A good example of ethnic secession achieved by peaceful means, nicknamed the
“velvet revolution” or “velvet divorce” of 1993 is the dissolution of Czechoslovakia into two
Autonomous states such as the Czech Republic and Slovakia, although the problem
Roma remain. The secession was preceded by the United Nations Declaration of 1991
The rights of national minorities, which sought to prohibit the forced cultural assimilation
and allow different ethnic identities and territorial expansion within the national
limits. Examples are the granting of territorial and other rights
Indians in the U.S., Canada, Inuit and Aborigines in Australia. They have
has also introduced affirmative action to compensate for past inequities. They
are intended to generate opportunities in education, employment and state contracts
business.
Cultural pluralism is increasingly seen as a natural attribute of the civilian population
community and the diversity of ethnic groups in political life would not be considered
a symptom of social pathology. The nation-building can no longer be treated as
cultural homogenization. A shared sense of community transcends ethnic boundaries
differentiation. History teaches us that doctrinaire attempts to resolve differences
lead to the worst nightmares of inequality.
New and small states without complex commercial and legal
infrastructure is vulnerable advanced nations vis-à-vis unregulated
world trade. When trade with weak markets and currency movements and more
unpredictable and an economic slowdown occurs, ethnic minorities almost always
become the scapegoat. Corrective measures include legislation that guarantees free access to
information, education and universal equality before the law for all groups without
exception. Most developed countries to ensure loyalty to the state by social promotion
rights over legal and political rights.
Without legal or invoke sanctions provisions apply, there is a
number of international agreements on equal opportunities, who have moral and
regulatory authority. For example, in 1992, the UN General Assembly
adopted a Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic,
Religious and Linguistic Minorities. The European Union Commission in November
1999 adopted a communication and three proposals to combat discrimination
in Article 13 of the Treaty. They are:
1) a directive prohibiting discrimination in employment based on race or ethnicity, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation;
2) a directive prohibiting discrimination based on race or ethnicity in a wide range of areas related to the fields of employment, education, provision of goods and services and measures concerning social protection and
3) an action programme to support and complement the implementation of directives by exchanging information and experiences and disseminate best practices in legislative and non-legislative.
The country until recently outside the European Union seeking to join
“Club” must meet various criteria for admission, including one in his case
equal rights and opportunities for ethnic minorities in their midst. A legally binding
instrument of equality is the International Covenant on Civil and Political
(ICCPR) under the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Social and
Duty (ICSER). All the signatories of the Covenant report every five years to one
Some human rights on how they measure against the rules of the
ICCPR. There is also the European Convention on Human Rights under which
EU citizens have appealed to the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR)
Meeting in Strasbourg.
The United Nations estimates that currently there are 233 ethnic minorities
groups “at risk”. Despite this, a testament to the extraordinary spectacle of many countries
mobilize resources to combat the world for victims of natural disasters
without distinction of race, colour, creed or mutual obligation (such as tsunamis). The
seems imperative that any solution to the conflict must be carried out by
Civil Procedure, by fair rules, through dialogue and discussion in a
facilitating cooperation and reconciliation.
The concept of social capital is recognized as an essential element in
the preservation of democratic institutions throughout the world. Associations,
especially those who are face to face, without being able to marked differences, generating
trust and reciprocity, help develop a capacity for civic
commitment. Such partnerships can be encouraged within and between ethnic groups and
other groups and which is used to direct action, which reduces the risk of conflict. The
hope is that countries become civilians, rooted in the values that
can be shared by all ethnic groups and other components, providing a framework for sustainable development
commitment to diversity and ensuring equality for all. And, as suggested in this analysis,
Equality is an evolving concept, subject to a process of redefinition continues
and expand the frontiers.
Nobody cree that all human beings are endowed with the same natural
abilities, talents and gifts. People differ along many dimensions that no two humans
beings are equal in their inherent potential to the full realization and implementation of this
potential. Giving equal opportunities is to eliminate a large number of unfair and
artificial barriers to the realization of human potential and provides the platform for
maximization of human talent and resources throughout the world. The hope is that,
achieve the goal of equal opportunities among nations will help eliminate a large number of
for the causes of armed conflicts that afflict us today.
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